Eco feminism is a sub branch of Eco criticism. Eco criticism finds the relationship between nature and literature and shows its resistance against the forces hostile to nature and mother earth. Eco feminism sees environmentalism and the relationship between women and the earth as foundational to its analysis and practice. Eco feminism places nature in its centre and examines the problems of nature with the help of main premise established by feminism. The article is a study of Urdū fiction in eco feminist perspective.

(1)        Jarchoi Zaini Sarkar, Mādar-i Kāʾināt, (Lahore: Shāhkār Foundation 1993), vol.1, p.93.

(2)        Karen Armstrong, Astūr kī Tārīkh, trans. Nasir Abbās Nayyir, (Lahore: Mash‘al Books 2013), pp. 41-42.

(3)        Ibid, p.42.

(4)        Jarchoi Zaini Sarkar, Mādar Kāʾināt, p.95.

(5)        Ibn-i Hanīf, Miṣr ka Qadīm Adab, (Multan: Beacon House 1992), v.1, pp. 535-536.

(6)        Davion.V, Reference by Greg Garrard, Ecocriticism: The New Critical Idiom, (London; Newyork Routledge 2012), p.26.

(7)        Karen.j.Warren, Ecofeminist Philosophy, (London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2000), p. 22.

(8)        Val Plumwood, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature, (London; Newyork, Routledge, 1993), p.22.

(9)        Ibid, p.7.

(10)      Justyna Kostowska, Ecocriticism and Women Writers, (London: Palgrave machmillan, 2013), p.10.

(11)      Carolyn Merchant, Nature as Female, Ecocriticism: The Essential Reader, Keen Hiltner, (London: Newyork, Royalties 2015), p.11.