[1] ۔      Said, Edward W. Orientalism, (New York: Vintage Books, 1979),P 27

English Quotation: "Orientalism can be discussed and analyzed as the corporate institution for dealing with the Orient ... in short, Orientalism as a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient."

[1] ۔      Stuart Hall, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (London: Sage, 1997), p. 15.

English Quotation: “Representation is the production of meaning through language. It is the link between concepts and language which enables usto refer to the ‘real’ world of objects, people or events.”

نوٹ: انگریزی اقتباسات کے اردو تراجم  میں لسانی معاونت ChatGPT (GPT-5.5, OpenAI) سے حاصل کی گئی ہے؛ تاہم حتمی ترجمہ مصنف کی ذمہ داری ہے۔

[1] ۔      Said, Edward W, Orientalism,P6

English Quotation: "Orientalism is not an airy European fantasy about the Orient, but a created body of theory and practice in which, for many generations, there has been a considerable material investment."

[1] ۔      Said, Edward W, Orientalism,P7

English Quotation: "Orientalism depends for its strategy on this flexible positional superiority, which puts the Westerner in a whole series of possible relationships with the Orient without ever losing him the relative upper hand."

[1] ۔      Hall, Stuart, “The West and the Rest,” in Formations of Modernity, edited by Stuart Hall and Bram Gieben, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992),P277.

English Quotation:"The discourse, as a 'system of representation,' represents the world as divided according to a simple dichotomy—the West/the Rest."

[1] .      James G. Carrier, “Introduction”, Occidentalism: Images of the West (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995),p 4.       

English Quotation: "The occident and the oriental define and justify each other."

[1] .      James G. Carrier, Occidentalism: Images of the West, " p8

English Quotation: The essentialisms of occidentalism and orientalism... are created in a process of essentialization."

[1] ۔      Buruma, Ian and Avishai Margalit, Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies, (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), pp. 3–7.

[1] ۔      Howard, Rhoda E., “Occidentalism, Human Rights, and the Obligations of Western Scholars,” Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1, (1995), p. 122.

English Quotation: Occidentalism is a science of the West from a non-Western perspective, aiming at liberating the self from the domination of Western consciousness.”.

[1] .      Hassan Hanafi, “From Orientalism to Occidentalism,” Studia Philosophiae Christianae 40, no. 1 (2004): 228–229.

English Quotation: "Occidentalism is a counter-field of research, which can be developed in the Orient in order to study the West from a non-Western World point of view."

[1] .      Hassan Hanafi, “From Orientalism to Occidentalism,” Studia Philosophiae Christianae 40, no. 1 (2004): 228–229.

[1] ۔      Wang, Ning, “Orientalism versus Occidentalism?”, New Literary History, Vol. 28, No. 1, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), p63.

English Quotation: "Occidentalism as opposed to Orientalism has at one time been regarded as a 'decolonizing' and even anti-colonialist strategy of discourse getting along with the local decolonizing movement.”

[1] ۔      Leservot, Typhaine, “Occidentalism: Rewriting the West in Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis,” French Forum, Vol. 36, No. 1, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), pp. 115–116.

[1] ۔      Dabashi, Hamid, Post-Orientalism: Knowledge and Power in the Time of Terror, (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2009), Pxvii،  xviii

English Quotation: “Who gets to represent whom and by what authority?”

“"My paramount concern in this book is not a mere critique of colonial representation but in fact the manners and modes of fighting back and resisting it.”               

[1] ۔      سعادت حسن منٹو ، "تماشا"، مشمولہ آتش پارے اور سیاہ حاشیے۔( نئی دہلی: ساقی بک ڈپو، 1984ء)ص، 39۔

[1] ۔      Said, Edward W., Culture and Imperialism, (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), p. 22.

[1] ۔      سعادت حسن منٹو ،"1919  کی ایک بات"، مشمولہ فسانے منٹو کے، مرتبہ: ڈاکٹر خالد اشرف۔ نئی دہلی: کتابی دنیا، 2007ء، 145–146۔

[1] ۔      Fanon, Frantz, The Wretched of the Earth, translated by Constance Farrington, (New York: Grove Press, 1963), p. 35.

[1] ۔      سعادت حسن منٹو ،"نیا قانون" مشمولہ فسانے منٹو کے،ص 96۔

[1] ۔      سعادت حسن منٹو ،"نیا قانون"، ص99     

[1] ۔      Fanon, Frantz, The Wretched of the Earth, P73

English Quotation: "Colonialism is not a thinking machine, nor a body endowed with reasoning faculties. It is violence in its natural state, and it will only yield when confronted with greater violence.”

[1] ۔      سعادت حسن منٹو ،"موذیل"، مشمولہ سڑک کے کنارے (دہلی: نیو تاج آفس، 1953ء)، 124۔  

[1] ۔      سعادت حسن منٹو ،"موذیل"، ص126۔

[1] ۔      محمد حسن عسکری ، "حرام  جادی" مشمولہ  جزیرے،( دہلی: محبوب المطابع ، 1943ء)،  ص58۔

[1] ۔      محمد حسن عسکری ، "حرام  جادی"  ص66۔

[1] ۔      قرۃالعین حیدر،"جلا وطن"، مشمولہ پت جھڑ کی آواز،( دہلی: مکتبہ جامعہ لمیٹڈ، 1965ء)، ص 47۔

[1] ۔      قرۃالعین حیدر،"جلا وطن"، ص 49

[1] ۔      قرۃالعین حیدر،"جلا وطن"، مشمولہ پت جھڑ کی آواز،ص 54

[1] ۔      قرۃالعین حیدر، "ستاروں سے آگے"، مشمولہ قرۃالعین حیدر کی منتخب کہانیاں،( نئی دہلی: نیشنل بک ٹرسٹ، 1991ء)، ص40۔

[1] ۔      قرۃالعین حیدر، "ستاروں سے آگے"، ص40۔

[1] ۔      Bhabha, Homi K., The Location of Culture, (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 87.

اصل متن:

“Colonial discourse is split between fascination and fear, desire and disavowal.”

[1] ۔      عزیز احمد، "دیاسلائی کی اہمیت"، کلیات ِ عزیز احمد (افسانے )، (نئی دہلی: موڈرن پبلشگ ہاؤس، 2005ء)،ص221

[1] ۔      عزیز احمد، "دیاسلائی کی اہمیت"،ص 229

[1] ۔      عبداللہ حسین، "ندی " مشمولہ نشیب ،( لاہور: سنگ میل پبلیکیشنز 1996ء)،ص 95۔

[1] ۔      عبداللہ حسین، "ندی " مشمولہ نشیب، ص 97۔

[1] ۔      مسعود اشعر"کتنے وطن"، سوال کہانی،لاہور: الحمد پبلی کیشنز، 2020ء۔ص167۔

[1] ۔      مسعود اشعر"کتنے وطن"، سوال کہانی،،ص169

[1] ۔      Bauman, Zygmunt, Liquid Modernity, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000), p. 32.

[1] ۔      مسعود اشعر"چھتری"، سوال کہانی،34

[1] ۔      مسعود اشعر"چھتری"، سوال کہانی،37

[1] ۔      مرزا اطہر بیگ ، " ٹام اور جیری کی کارٹونی جدلیات:ایک تحقیقی مقالہ"بے افسانہ ،(لاہور: سانجھ پبلی کشنز، 2013ء)، ص112۔

[1] ۔      ساحر شفیق ، "پیٹر، لیڈی آسٹل کا پہلا معاشقہ نہیں ہے"، مشمولہ اکیلے لوگوں کا ہجوم،(لاہور: فکشن ہاؤس، 2024ء)،ص88۔

[1] ۔      ساحر شفیق ، "پیٹر، لیڈی آسٹل کا پہلا معاشقہ نہیں ہے"،ص91

 

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-             Bauman, Zygmunt, Liquid Modernity, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000)

-             Bhabha, Homi K., The Location of Culture, (London: Routledge, 1994)

-             Buruma, Ian and Avishai Margalit, Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies, (New York: Penguin Books, 2004)

-             Carrier, James G., Occidentalism: Images of the West, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995)

-             Dabashi, Hamid, Post-Orientalism: Knowledge and Power in the Time of Terror, (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2009)

-             Fanon, Frantz, The Wretched of the Earth, translated by Constance Farrington, (New York: Grove Press, 1963)

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-             Hanafi, Hassan, “From Orientalism to Occidentalism,” Islamic Studies, Vol. 45, No. 1, (2006)

-             Howard, Rhoda E., “Occidentalism, Human Rights, and the Obligations of Western Scholars,” Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1, (London: Routledge, 1995)

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-             Manto, Saʿādat Ḥasan, Fasānay-e-Manto, edited by Dr. Khālid Ashraf, (New Delhi: Kitābī Dunyā, 2007)

-             Manto, Saʿādat Ḥasan, Saṛak ke Kināray, (Delhi: New Taj Office, 1953)

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